Advanced Java

Ludovic Deneuville

Reminder

Advices for Rated TP:

• Javadoc
• Comment if necessary
• PascalCase (Class, Method, Variables)
• Use clear, meaningful names for variables and methods
• well-indented code, easy to read

Exception

What are Exceptions?

• Events that disrupt the normal flow of program execution
• Indicate errors or unexpected conditions that occur during runtime

Tip

Exceptions are your friends.

• Reminder
• Exceptions are your friend
• Error (OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError)

NullPointerException

public class NullPointerExceptionExample {

    public static void printLength(String text){
        System.out.println(text.length());
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String myText = null;
        printLength(myText); // will throw a NullPointerException.
    }
}

How to Prevent

Always check if an object reference is null before using it.

ArithmeticException

public class ArithmeticExceptionExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int numerator = 10;
        int denominator = 0;
        int result = numerator / denominator; // Will throw ArithmeticException
        System.out.println("The division result is: " + result);
    }
}

Why Should We Raise Exceptions?

• To controll error management
• To preventing unexpected program crashes
• To alter the normal execution flow when an error occurs
• To prevent the system from entering an unstable or inconsistent state

We are also allowed to raise exceptions.

To control the execution.

Example

BankAccount.java

package fr.ensai.bank.domain;

@AllArgsConstructor
class BankAccount {
    private double balance;
    private double transferLimit;

    /**
     * Transfers a specified amount from this account to another account.
     * The amount cannot exceed the available balance or the transfer limit.
     *
     * @param recipient the account to which the amount will be transferred
     * @param amount the amount to be transferred
     */
    public void transfer(BankAccount recipient, double amount) {
        this.balance -= amount;
        recipient.balance += amount;
    }
}

This code can lead to an incoherent state

• recipient: OtherBankAccount
• @AllArgsConstructor: Lombok
• recipient.balance += amount;: valid code, no need of a setter inside
• Other solution: return boolean instead of void
  • False if the transfert cannot be done

Throw an Exception

BankAccount.java

/**
 * Transfers a specified amount from this account to another account.
 *
 * @param recipient the account to which the amount will be transferred
 * @param amount the amount to be transferred
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the amount exceeds the available balance or the transfer limit
 */
public void transfer(BankAccount recipient, double amount)
        throws IllegalArgumentException {       
    if (amount > this.balance)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Insufficient balance for the transfer. Attempted: " + amount + ", Available: " + this.balance);
    if (amount > this.transferLimit)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Transfer amount exceeds the transfer limit. Attempted: " + amount + ", Limit: " + this.transferLimit);
    this.balance -= amount;
    recipient.balance += amount;
}

• If amount < 0 ?
• throws: method can throw this exception
• throw: raise

Define Custom Exceptions

InsufficientBalanceException.java

package fr.ensai.bank.exception;

public class InsufficientBalanceException extends Exception {
    public InsufficientBalanceException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}

TransferLimitExceededException.java

package fr.ensai.bank.exception;

public class TransferLimitExceededException extends Exception {
    public TransferLimitExceededException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}

• Inherit class Exception
  • public class Exception extends Throwable
• as a class
• you can specify message

Use Custom Exceptions

BankAccount.java

import fr.ensai.bank.exception.InsufficientBalanceException;
import fr.ensai.bank.exception.TransferLimitExceededException;

public class Bank {

    ...

    public void transfer(BankAccount recipient, double amount)
            throws InsufficientBalanceException, TransferLimitExceededException {
        if (amount > this.balance)
            throw new InsufficientBalanceException(
                "Insufficient balance for the transfer. Attempted: " + amount + ", Available: " + this.balance);
        if (amount > this.transferLimit)
            throw new TransferLimitExceededException(
                "Transfer amount exceeds the transfer limit. Attempted: " + amount + ", Limit: " + this.transferLimit);
        this.balance -= amount;
        recipient.balance += amount;
    }
}

package exception

Exception Handling

Bank.java

public class Bank {
    public void makeTransfert(BankAccount sender, BankAccount receiver, amount) {
        try {
            sender.transfer(receiver, 250.0);
        } catch (InsufficientBalanceException e) {
            System.out.println("Transfer failed: " + e.getMessage());
        } catch (TransferLimitExceededException e) {
            System.out.println("Transfer failed: " + e.getMessage());
        } finally {
            System.out.println("Account 1 balance: " + sender.getBalance());
            System.out.println("Account 2 balance: " + receiver.getBalance());
        }
    }
}

• You can have multiple catch blocks to handle different types of exceptions
  • The order of catch blocks matters (most specific to most general).
  • simpliest way: catch (Exception e)
• Finally: block always executes, regardless of whether an exception occurred or not.
  • Used for cleanup code (e.g., closing resources).
  • Without finally, code after catch blocks is only executed if no unhandled exception occurs.

Encountering Exceptions

When an exception occurs in your code, you have two primary options:

• propagate the exception
• resolve the exception

Types of Exception

Exception	Description	Checked at Compilation
ClassNotFoundException	Trying to access a class whose definition is not found.	Yes
FileNotFoundException	File is not accessible or does not open.	Yes
IOException	Input-output operation failed or was interrupted.	Yes
NoSuchFieldException	A class does not contain the specified field.	Yes
NoSuchMethodException	Accessing a method that is not found.	Yes
NullPointerException	Referring to the members of a null object.	No
NumberFormatException	A method could not convert a string into a numeric format.	No
ArithmeticException	An exceptional condition has occurred in an arithmetic operation.	No
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException	An array has been accessed with an illegal index.	No
RuntimeException	Represents an exception that occurs during runtime.	No
IllegalArgumentException	A method receives an argument that does not fit the given condition.	No

see Types of Exception in Java with Examples

• RuntimException (not checked at compilation)

Stream

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-8-stream-tutorial/
• https://www.baeldung.com/java-8-streams

Java Streams

• Introduced in Java 8
• Declarative style
• Concise and readable code
• Efficient data processing
• Support for parallel processing

How it works

• Takes input from the Collections, Arrays, or I/O channels
• Provide a result as per the pipelined methods
• Intermediate operation is lazily executed and returns a stream
• Terminal operations mark the end of the stream and return the result

A first example

Long sumOdds = Stream
    .iterate(0L, i -> i + 1L)        // Generate an infinite stream of Longs starting from 0, incrementing by 1
    .limit(10)                       // Limit the stream to the first 10 elements
    .filter(i -> (i % 2) == 0)       // Filter the stream to keep only even numbers
    .map(i -> i + 1)                 // Transform each element by adding 1
    .sorted()                        // Sort the stream
    .reduce(0L, Long::sum);          // Reduce the stream to a single Long by summing all elements

• Lazy evaluation:
  • != eager
  • Computation on the elements of the stream is only performed when it’s necessary
  • don’t generate all natural number
  • limit 10

Intermediate operations are not executed until a terminal operation is invoked.

This approach can optimize performance, especially for large datasets, by reducing the number of iterations and computations.

Key Concepts

• Source (List, Array…)
• Intermediate Operations (filter, map…)
• Terminal Operation (reduce, collect, forEach…)
• Lazy evaluation

• Lazy evaluation: very important concept
  • Like dplyr

Create a Stream

import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

ArrayList<String> arrayList = new ArrayList<>(List.of("a", "b", "c", "d"));
Map<String, Integer> map = Map.of("a", 1, "b", 2, "c", 3);
String text = "I am your father";

// Creates a stream from an arrayList
Stream<String> arrayListStream = arrayList.stream();

// Creates a stream from the map's entry set
Stream<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> mapEntryStream = map.entrySet().stream();

// Extract list of words from a text an store it in a List
List<String> wordsList = Stream.of(text.split(" ")).collect(Collectors.toList());

Intermediate Operations

They return a new stream.

Operation	Description	Example
filter(predicate)	Selects matching elements.	stream.filter(x -> x > 10)
map(function)	Transforms elements.	stream.map(String::toUpperCase)
flatMap(function)	Transforms to streams, then flattens.	stream.flatMap(List::stream)
distinct()	Removes duplicates.	stream.distinct()
sorted()	Sorts elements.	stream.sorted()
sorted(comparator)	Sorts elements (using comparator).	stream.sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder())
peek(consumer)	Performs action on each element.	stream.peek(System.out::println)
limit(maxSize)	Truncates to maxSize elements.	stream.limit(10)
skip(n)	Discards first n elements.	stream.skip(5)

• Lambda functions
• method reference (String::toUpperCase)
• Intermediate operations return a new modified stream

Terminal Operations

Operation	Description	Example
forEach(action)	Performs an action on each element.	stream.forEach(System.out::println)
collect(collector)	Accumulates elements into a result container.	stream.collect(Collectors.toList())
reduce(identity, accumulator)	Reduces elements to a single value.	stream.reduce(0, Integer::sum)
count()	Returns the number of elements.	stream.count()
anyMatch(predicate)	Checks if any element matches.	stream.anyMatch(x -> x > 10)
allMatch(predicate)	Checks if all elements match.	stream.allMatch(x -> x > 0)
noneMatch(predicate)	Checks if no elements match.	stream.noneMatch(x -> x < 0)
findFirst()	Returns the first element.	stream.findFirst()
min(comparator)	Returns the minimum element.	stream.min(Comparator.naturalOrder())

• an attempt to reuse the same reference after calling the terminal operation will trigger the IllegalStateException
• Java 8 streams can’t be reused

Parallel Streams

• processed in parallel for improved performance
• Use parallelStream()
• Suitable for CPU-intensive operations on large datasets

MapReduce

• A programming model for processing and generating large datasets
• Designed for distributed computing on clusters of machines.
• Breaks down complex tasks into simpler, parallel operations

• Invented by Google in the 2000s
• If memory space is not enought to load the full data set
• https://ludo2ne.github.io/ENSAI-2A-Big-Data/docs/lab/lab2/lab2.html#how-to-distribute-elementary-statistical-tasks

MapReduce workflow

• Split: Input data is divided into smaller chunks
• Map: Each chunk is processed by a Map function
• Reduce: Values are aggregated by a Reduce function

MapReduce principle

List<Integer> values = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 5, 10, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9);
List<Integer> valuesSquares = new ArrayList<>();

Function<Integer, Integer> square = n -> n * n;

for (int n : values) {
    valuesSquares.add(square.apply(n));
}

int sumOfSquares = 0;
for (int v : valuesSquares) {
    sumOfSquares += v * v;
}

double meanSumOfSquares = sumOfSquares / valuesSquares.size();

• compute squares (map)
• sum squares (reduce)
• final step (O(1))

Manual implementation

public List<Double> manualMap(List<Double> list, DoubleUnaryOperator function) {
    List<Double> result = new ArrayList<>();
    for (double element : list) {
        result.add(function.applyAsDouble(element));
    }
    return result;
}

public double manualReduce(List<Double> list, double identity, DoubleBinaryOperator accumulator) {
    double result = identity;
    for (double element : list) {
        result = accumulator.applyAsDouble(result, element);
    }
    return result;
}

• DoubleUnaryOperator (sqrt, power…)
  • Interface with one method
  • applyAsDouble(Double d) -> double
• DoubleBinaryOperator (add, mult…)
  • applyAsDouble(Double d1, Double d2) -> double

MapReduce using streams

List<Integer> values = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 5, 10, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9);

double sumOfSquares = values.stream()
    .map(n -> n * n)
    .reduce(0, (a, b) -> a + b);

double meanSumOfSquares = sumOfSquares / values.size();

double meanSumOfSquaresAvg = values.stream()
    .mapToInt(n -> n * n)
    .average();

• mapToInt() -> IntStream
  • map() specialization

Enum

What are Enums?

• Defines a set of named constants
• Represents a fixed and predefined set of possible values
• Examples: Day of week, colors, playing cards

Declare a basic Enum

Grade.java

public enum Grade {
    EXCELLENT,
    VERY_GOOD,
    GOOD,
    AVERAGE,
    INSUFFICIENT
}

• These are the constant values of the enum

Use an Enum

Grade grade = Grade.VERY_GOOD;

switch (grade) {
    case EXCELLENT:
        System.out.println("Excellent!");
        break;
    case VERY_GOOD:
        System.out.println("Very good!");
        break;
        
    ...
}

• Enums are implicitly:
  • static (no need to create an instance)
  • final (no modification allowed)

Adding Behavior to Enum

• Enums are More Than Just Constants
• They are special classes
  • They can have methods and attributes

Grade.java

public enum Grade {
    EXCELLENT(90), VERY_GOOD(80), GOOD(70), AVERAGE(60), INSUFFICIENT(50);

    @Getter
    private final int minimumScore;

    private Grade(int minimumScore) {
        this.minimumScore = minimumScore;
    }

    public String getFeedback() {
        switch (this) {
            case EXCELLENT: return "Outstanding!";
            case VERY_GOOD: return "Well done!";
            case GOOD: return "Satisfactory.";
            case AVERAGE: return "Needs more effort.";
            case INSUFFICIENT: return "Requires significant improvement.";
            default: return "Unknown grade.";
        }
    }
}

• constructor is private
  • we cannot access it from outside the class
  • we can use enum constants to call the constructor
• compiler error if constructor is public

Enum methods

Grade studentGrade = Grade.VERY_GOOD;

System.out.println("Grade: " + studentGrade);
System.out.println("Minimum Score: " + studentGrade.getMinimumScore());
System.out.println("Feedback: " + studentGrade.getFeedback());

// Iterate
for (Grade g : Grade.values()) {
    System.out.println(g);
}

Enums: Pros and Cons

• ✅ Readability: Makes code easier to understand by using descriptive names for values
• ✅ Type Safety: Avoids errors related to typos or invalid values
• ✅ Maintainability: Easier to modify and add new values (for dev)
• ❌ Limited Extensibility: Difficult to add or modify values at runtime
• ❌ Reduced Flexibility: Restricts values to a predefined set

• ✅ Compile-Time Validation: Catches enum-related issues early during compilation.

Interface

Back to Inheritance

• Fighter: Primarily focused on combat.
• Doctor: Primarily focused on healing.

classDiagram

class Person {
    - name: String
    - health: int
    + takeDamage(int amount)
    + receiveHealing(int amount)
}

class Fighter {
    - attackPower: int
    + fight(Person target)
}

class Doctor {
    - healingPower: int
    + heal(Person patient)
}

Person <|-- Fighter
Person <|-- Doctor

• Python: Allows multiple inheritance.
• Example: A Square could be considered both a Rectangle and a Rhombus.

Introducing a New Character

• ArmyDoctor: A special character that can both heal and combat.
• Java does not support multiple inheritance directly

classDiagram

class Person {
    - name: String
    - health: int
    + takeDamage(int amount)
    + receiveHealing(int amount)
}

class Fighter {
    - attackPower: int
    + fight(Person target)
}


class Doctor {
    - healingPower: int
    + heal(Person patient)
}

Person <|-- Fighter
Fighter <|-- ArmyDoctor
Doctor <|-- ArmyDoctor
Person <|-- Doctor

Defining Abilities as Contracts

Instead of focusing solely on fixed “classes,” let’s think about abilities.

We can define contracts for different types of actions:

• The ability to combat
• The ability to heal

This approach provides flexibility in how we define our game characters.

What is a Java Interface?

• A Java Interface acts as a blueprint
• It specifies a particular set of abilities or behaviors
• It defines a contract that any class can choose to implement.

Create an Interface

Combatant.java

public interface Combatant {
    /**
     * Represents the ability to engage in combat.
     */
    void fight(Person p);
}

Healer.java

public interface Healer {
    /**
     * Represents the ability to provide healing to a Person.
     */
    void heal(Person p);
}

• All methods are public abstract
• default method
  • default void heal(Person p) { ...}) -> no longer abstract
• static method:
  • called using interface name without instanciation
• private method:
  • to factorize code inside (no access from outside)
• attribute (constants) are implicitly public, static and final

Parent class

Person.java

public class Person {
    private String name;
    private int health;

    public Person(String name, int health) {
        this.name = name;
        this.health = health;
    }

    public void takeDamage(int amount) {
        this.health -= amount;
    }

    public void receiveHealing(int amount) {
        this.health += amount;
    }
}

Implementing the Interfaces

Doctor.java

public class Doctor extends Person implements Healer {
    private int healingPower;

    public Doctor(String name, int health, int healingPower) {
        super(name, health);
        this.healingPower = healingPower;
    }

    @Override
    public void heal(Person patient) {
        patient.receiveHealing(this.healingPower);
    }
}

Multiple Interfaces

ArmyDoctor.java

public class ArmyDoctor extends Person implements Healer, Combatant {
    private int healingPower;
    private int combatSkill;

    public ArmyDoctor(String name, int health, int healingPower, int combatSkill) {
        super(name, health);
        this.healingPower = healingPower;
        this.combatSkill = combatSkill;
    }

    @Override
    public void heal(Person patient) {
        patient.receiveHealing(this.healingPower * 0.5);
    }

    @Override
    public void fight(Person target) {
        target.takeDamage(this.combatSkill * 0.2);
    }
}

UML

classDiagram

class Person {
    - name: String
    - health: int
    + takeDamage(int amount)
    + receiveHealing(int amount)
}

class Fighter {
    - attackPower: int
}

class ArmyDoctor {
    - healingPower: int
    - combatSkill: int
}

class Doctor {
    - healingPower: int
}


class Combatant {
    <<interface>>
    + fight(Person target)
}

class Healer {
    <<interface>>
    + heal(Person patient)
}

Person <|-- Fighter
Person <|-- Doctor
Person <|-- ArmyDoctor

Fighter ..|> Combatant
ArmyDoctor ..|> Combatant
ArmyDoctor ..|> Healer
Doctor ..|> Healer

Upcasting and Downcasting

Upcasting

Convert an object:

• of a more specific type
• to a more general type

specific type: a subclass or a class that implements an interface

Does this code compile and run?

Doctor d = new Doctor(...);

Person p = (Person) d;
d.takeDamage(5);

Doctor d = new Doctor(...);

Person p = (Person) d;
p.heal(anotherPerson);

1. Compiles and runs
2. Compile error

Downcasting

Converting an object of:

• a more general type
• to a more specific type

Does this code compile and run?

Person p = new Doctor(...);

Doctor d = (Doctor) p;
d.heal(anotherPerson);

Person p = new Doctor(...);

Fighter f = (Fighter) p;
p.takeDamage(5);

1. Compiles and runs
2. Compile error java.lang.ClassCastException

Downcasting with instanceof

Person p = new Doctor(...);

if (p instanceof Doctor d) {
    d.heal(anotherPerson);
} else {
    System.out.println(p + " is not a Doctor.");
}

if (p instanceof Doctor d)

// equivalent since Java 16

if (p instanceof Doctor){
    Doctor d = (Doctor) p;
}

To go further

• Optional
• Genericity
• Annotations

• Optional: deal with null value

    public static <T> void printArray(T[] array) {
        for (T element : array) {
            System.out.print(element + " ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }